Variations in Quality and Quantity (‘Q&Q’) are key challenges faced by buyers and sellers when engaging in cross-border trade of agriculture products. These Q&Q variations results in Q&Q risks, which are stated as differences between ‘what has been contracted’ between the engaging parties, to ‘what is finally delivered’ to the buyer. — Background The Q&Q risks are common in agriculture products and arise due to the short shelf-life (perishability), and inherent nature of these products to get affected by the environmental factors. The primary environmental factors that affect plant derivatives are temperature, pressure, and humidity (precipitation). Secondary environmental factors can manifest through…
